378 research outputs found
Disease Spreading in Structured Scale-Free Networks
We study the spreading of a disease on top of structured scale-free networks
recently introduced. By means of numerical simulations we analyze the SIS and
the SIR models. Our results show that when the connectivity fluctuations of the
network are unbounded whether the epidemic threshold exists strongly depends on
the initial density of infected individuals and the type of epidemiological
model considered. Analytical arguments are provided in order to account for the
observed behavior. We conclude that the peculiar topological features of this
network and the absence of small-world properties determine the dynamics of
epidemic spreading.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures. EPJ styl
Multilayer Networks in a Nutshell
Complex systems are characterized by many interacting units that give rise to
emergent behavior. A particularly advantageous way to study these systems is
through the analysis of the networks that encode the interactions among the
system's constituents. During the last two decades, network science has
provided many insights in natural, social, biological and technological
systems. However, real systems are more often than not interconnected, with
many interdependencies that are not properly captured by single layer networks.
To account for this source of complexity, a more general framework, in which
different networks evolve or interact with each other, is needed. These are
known as multilayer networks. Here we provide an overview of the basic
methodology used to describe multilayer systems as well as of some
representative dynamical processes that take place on top of them. We round off
the review with a summary of several applications in diverse fields of science.Comment: 16 pages and 3 figures. Submitted for publicatio
From Scale-free to Erdos-Renyi Networks
We analyze a model that interpolates between scale-free and Erdos-Renyi
networks. The model introduced generates a one-parameter family of networks and
allows to analyze the role of structural heterogeneity. Analytical calculations
are compared with extensive numerical simulations in order to describe the
transition between these two important classes of networks. Finally, an
application of the proposed model to the study of the percolation transition is
presented.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure
Immunization of Real Complex Communication Networks
Most communication networks are complex. In this paper, we address one of the
fundamental problems we are facing nowadays, namely, how we can efficiently
protect these networks. To this end, we study an immunization strategy and
found that it works as good as targeted immunization, but using only local
information about the network topology. Our findings are supported with
numerical simulations of the Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model on top of
real communication networks, where immune nodes are previously identified by a
covering algorithm. The results provide useful hints in the way to design and
deploying a digital immune system.Comment: 6 pages. To appear in the European Physical Journal B (2006
Heterogeneous resource allocation can change social hierarchy in public goods games
Public Goods Games represent one of the most useful tools to study group
interactions between individuals. However, even if they could provide an
explanation for the emergence and stability of cooperation in modern societies,
they are not able to reproduce some key features observed in social and
economical interactions. The typical shape of wealth distribution - known as
Pareto Law - and the microscopic organization of wealth production are two of
them. Here, we introduce a modification to the classical formulation of Public
Goods Games that allows for the emergence of both of these features from first
principles. Unlike traditional Public Goods Games on networks, where players
contribute equally to all the games in which they participate, we allow
individuals to redistribute their contribution according to what they earned in
previous rounds. Results from numerical simulations show that not only a Pareto
distribution for the payoffs naturally emerges but also that if players don't
invest enough in one round they can act as defectors even if they are formally
cooperators. Finally, we also show that the players self-organize in a very
productive backbone that covers almost perfectly the minimum spanning tree of
the underlying interaction network. Our results not only give an explanation
for the presence of the wealth heterogeneity observed in real data but also
points to a conceptual change regarding how cooperation is defined in
collective dilemmas.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, 55 reference
Directionality reduces the impact of epidemics in multilayer networks
The study of how diseases spread has greatly benefited from advances in
network modeling. Recently, a class of networks known as multilayer graphs has
been shown to describe more accurately many real systems, making it possible to
address more complex scenarios in epidemiology such as the interaction between
different pathogens or multiple strains of the same disease. In this work, we
study in depth a class of networks that have gone unnoticed up to now, despite
of its relevance for spreading dynamics. Specifically, we focus on directed
multilayer networks, characterized by the existence of directed links, either
within the layers or across layers. Using the generating function approach and
numerical simulations of a stochastic susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS)
model, we calculate the epidemic threshold for these networks for different
degree distributions of the networks. Our results show that the main feature
that determines the value of the epidemic threshold is the directionality of
the links connecting different layers, regardless of the degree distribution
chosen. Our findings are of utmost interest given the ubiquitous presence of
directed multilayer networks and the widespread use of disease-like spreading
processes in a broad range of phenomena such as diffusion processes in social
and transportation systems.Comment: 20 pages including 7 figures. Submitted for publicatio
- …